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1. What happened to the woman in the picture?

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American movie production company

Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc.

Trade proper noun

 Columbia Pictures
Formerly
  • Cohn-Brandt-Cohn (CBC) Picture show Sales Corporation (1918–1924)
  • Columbia Pictures Corporation (1924–1968)
Blazon Division
Manufacture Motion picture
Founded
  • June 19, 1918; 103 years ago  (1918-06-xix) (as Cohn-Brandt-Cohn (CBC) Moving-picture show Sales Corporation) in New York City, United states
  • January 10, 1924; 98 years ago  (1924-01-ten) (as Columbia Pictures) in Los Angeles, United states
Founders Harry and Jack Cohn
Joe Brandt
Headquarters Thalberg Building, 10202 West Washington Boulevard,

Culver City, California

,

United States

Area served

 Worldwide

Key people

 Sanford Panitch (president)
Products Movement pictures
Possessor Sony
Parent Sony Pictures Motility Picture Grouping
Subsidiaries Ghost Corps[i]
Website sonypictures.com
Footnotes / references
[2]

Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. is an American motion picture production studio that is a member of the Sony Pictures Motion Motion-picture show Grouping,[2] a division of Sony Entertainment'due south Sony Pictures Entertainment, which is ane of the Big Five studios and a subsidiary of the multinational conglomerate Sony.[3]

On June 19, 1918, brothers Jack and Harry Cohn and their concern partner Joe Brandt founded Cohn-Brandt-Cohn (CBC) Film Sales Corporation, which would somewhen get Columbia Pictures.[4] [v] Information technology adopted the Columbia Pictures proper name on Jan 10, 1924 (operating equally Columbia Pictures Corporation until December 23, 1968), went public ii years afterwards, and eventually began to use the paradigm of Columbia, the female personification of the United States, as its logo.

In its early years, Columbia was a small actor in Hollywood, only began to abound in the belatedly 1920s, spurred by a successful clan with director Frank Capra. With Capra and others such every bit the most successful two reel one-act serial The Three Stooges, Columbia became one of the primary homes of the screwball comedy. In the 1930s, Columbia'due south major contract stars were Jean Arthur and Cary Grant. In the 1940s, Rita Hayworth became the studio's premier star and propelled their fortunes into the late 1950s. Rosalind Russell, Glenn Ford, and William Holden likewise became major stars at the studio.

Information technology is ane of the leading picture show studios in the earth, and was 1 of the and so-called "Little Iii" among the 8 major film studios of Hollywood'due south Golden Age.[6] Today, it has become the world's tertiary largest major picture show studio.

The visitor was also primarily responsible for distributing Disney's Silly Symphony picture show serial besides as the Mickey Mouse cartoon serial from 1929 to 1932. The studio is headquartered at the Irving Thalberg Building on the former Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios (currently known equally the Sony Pictures Studios) lot in Culver City, California since 1990.

History [edit]

Early years as CBC [edit]

The original CBC Picture show Sales logo used from 1919 through 1924

The studio was founded on June 19, 1918, as Cohn-Brandt-Cohn (CBC) Film Sales by brothers Jack and Harry Cohn and Jack'southward best friend Joe Brandt, and released its starting time characteristic moving-picture show on August 20, 1922. Brandt was president of CBC Movie Sales, treatment sales, marketing and distribution from New York along with Jack Cohn, while Harry Cohn ran production in Hollywood. The studio'southward early on productions were low-upkeep short subjects: Screen Snapshots, the Hallroom Boys (the vaudeville duo of Edward Flanagan and Neely Edwards), and the Chaplin imitator Billy West.[7] The showtime-up CBC leased space in a Poverty Row studio on Hollywood'southward famously low-rent Gower Street. Among Hollywood's aristocracy, the studio'southward small-time reputation led some to joke that "CBC" stood for "Corned Beef and Cabbage".[4]

Reorganization and new name [edit]

The showtime print logo used past Columbia Pictures, featuring its Columbia personification

In an effort to improve its image, the Cohn brothers renamed the company Columbia Pictures Corporation on January ten, 1924.[eight] Cohn remained head of production likewise, thus concentrating enormous power in his hands. He would run Columbia for the adjacent 34 years, one of the longest tenures of whatever studio chief (Warner Bros.' Jack 50. Warner was head of production or CEO longer simply did non become CEO until 1956). Fifty-fifty in an manufacture rife with nepotism, Columbia was particularly notorious for having a number of Harry and Jack's relatives in high positions. Humorist Robert Benchley chosen it the Pine Tree Studio, "because information technology has so many Cohns".[9]

Brandt eventually tired of dealing with the Cohn brothers, and in 1932 sold his one-tertiary stake to Harry Cohn, who took over from him every bit president.

Columbia'due south production line consisted more often than not of moderately budgeted features and short subjects including comedies, sports films, diverse serials, and cartoons. Columbia gradually moved into the production of higher-budget fare, eventually joining the 2nd tier of Hollywood studios along with United Artists and Universal. Similar United Artists and Universal, Columbia was a horizontally integrated company. It controlled product and distribution; information technology did not ain whatsoever theaters.

Helping Columbia's climb was the inflow of an aggressive managing director, Frank Capra. Between 1927 and 1939, Capra constantly pushed Cohn for amend material and bigger budgets. A string of hits he directed in the early and mid 1930s solidified Columbia's condition every bit a major studio. In particular, It Happened I Dark, which nearly swept the 1934 Oscars, put Columbia on the map. Until and so, Columbia'due south beingness had depended on theater owners willing to take its films, since information technology didn't take a theater network of its own. Other Capra-directed hits followed, including the original version of Lost Horizon (1937), with Ronald Colman, and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), which made James Stewart a major star.[ commendation needed ]

In 1933, Columbia hired Robert Kalloch to be their primary fashion and women'southward costume designer. He was the first contract costume designer hired past the studio,[10] and he established the studio's wardrobe department.[11] Kalloch'southward employment, in turn, convinced leading actresses that Columbia Pictures intended to invest in their careers.[12]

In 1938, the addition of B. B. Kahane as vice president would produce Charles Vidor'southward Those Loftier Greyness Walls (1939), and The Lady in Question (1940), the outset joint film of Rita Hayworth and Glenn Ford. Kahane would later become the President of Academy of Motility Motion picture Arts and Sciences in 1959, until his death a twelvemonth later.

Columbia could not afford to go along a huge roster of contract stars, and so Cohn unremarkably borrowed them from other studios. At Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, the industry'southward nigh prestigious studio, Columbia was nicknamed "Siberia", as Louis B. Mayer would use the loan-out to Columbia every bit a way to punish his less-obedient signings. In the 1930s, Columbia signed Jean Arthur to a long-term contract, and later The Whole Boondocks's Talking (1935), Arthur became a major one-act star. Ann Sothern'south career was launched when Columbia signed her to a contract in 1936. Cary Grant signed a contract in 1937 and soon after it was altered to a non-exclusive contract shared with RKO.

Many theaters relied on westerns to attract large weekend audiences, and Columbia always recognized this market. Its beginning cowboy star was Cadet Jones, who signed with Columbia in 1930 for a fraction of his former big-studio salary. Over the adjacent two decades Columbia released scores of outdoor adventures with Jones, Tim McCoy, Ken Maynard, Jack Luden, Bob Allen (Robert (Tex) Allen), Russell Hayden, Tex Ritter, Ken Curtis, and Factor Autry. Columbia's almost popular cowboy was Charles Starrett, who signed with Columbia in 1935 and starred in 131 western features over 17 years.[ citation needed ]

Short subjects [edit]

At Harry Cohn'due south insistence the studio signed The 3 Stooges in 1934. Rejected by MGM (which kept straight-man Ted Healy simply let the Stooges become),[13] the Stooges made 190 shorts for Columbia between 1934 and 1957. Columbia's curt-subject area department employed many famous comedians, including Buster Keaton, Charley Chase, Harry Langdon, Andy Clyde, and Hugh Herbert. Almost 400 of Columbia's 529 two-reel comedies were released to television between 1958 and 1961; to date, all of the Stooges, Keaton, Charley Chase, Shemp Howard, Joe Besser, and Joe DeRita subjects have been released to domicile video.

Columbia incorporated animation into its studio in 1929, distributing Krazy Kat cartoons taking over from Paramount. The post-obit year, Columbia took over distribution of the Mickey Mouse series from Celebrity Productions until 1932. In 1933, The Mintz studio was re-established under the Screen Gems brand; Columbia's leading cartoon serial were Krazy Kat, Scrappy, The Pull a fast one on and the Crow, and (very briefly) Li'50 Abner.[fourteen] Screen Gems was the last major cartoon studio to produce black-and-white cartoons, producing them until 1946. That same twelvemonth, Screen Gems close down, merely had completed enough cartoons for the studio to release until 1949. In 1948, Columbia agreed to release animated shorts from United Productions of America; these new shorts were more than sophisticated than Columbia's older cartoons, and many won critical praise and industry awards. In 1957, 2 years earlier the UPA deal was terminated, Columbia distributed the Hanna-Barbera cartoons, including Loopy De Loop from 1959 to 1965, which was Columbia'due south final theatrical cartoon serial. In 1967, the Hanna-Barbera deal expired and was non renewed.

According to Bob Thomas' volume King Cohn, studio chief Harry Cohn always placed a high priority on serials. Showtime in 1937, Columbia entered the lucrative serial market place, and kept making these weekly episodic adventures until 1956, afterwards other studios had discontinued them. The most famous Columbia serials are based on comic-strip or radio characters: Mandrake the Sorcerer, The Shadow, Terry and the Pirates, Captain Midnight, The Phantom, Batman, and the especially successful Superman, amid many others.

Columbia too produced musical shorts, sports reels (usually narrated by sportscaster Bill Stern), and travelogues. Its "Screen Snapshots" series, showing behind-the-scenes footage of Hollywood stars, was a Columbia perennial that the studio had been releasing since the silent-movie days; producer-director Ralph Staub kept this serial going through 1958.

1940s [edit]

The logo that Columbia used starting in 1936 and catastrophe in 1976; this version was used on the Color Rhapsody cartoons.

In the 1940s, propelled in role by the surge in audiences for their films during the war, the studio besides benefited from the popularity of its biggest star, Rita Hayworth. Columbia maintained a long list of contractees well into the 1950s: Glenn Ford, Penny Singleton, William Holden, Judy Holliday, The Three Stooges, Ann Miller, Evelyn Keyes, Ann Doran, Jack Lemmon, Cleo Moore, Barbara Hale, Adele Jergens, Larry Parks, Arthur Lake, Lucille Ball, Kerwin Mathews, and Kim Novak.

Harry Cohn monitored the budgets of his films, and the studio got the maximum utilize out of plush sets, costumes, and props past reusing them in other films. Many of Columbia's low-budget "B" pictures and brusk subjects accept an expensive look, thank you to Columbia's efficient recycling policy. Cohn was reluctant to spend lavish sums on even his most of import pictures, and it was not until 1943 that he agreed to use 3-strip Technicolor in a live-action characteristic. (Columbia was the last major studio to employ the expensive color process.) Columbia's beginning Technicolor feature was the western The Desperadoes, starring Randolph Scott and Glenn Ford. Cohn speedily used Technicolor once more for Cover Girl, a Hayworth vehicle that instantly was a blast hit, released in 1944, and for the fanciful biography of Frédéric Chopin, A Song to Remember, with Cornel Wilde, released in 1945. Another biopic, 1946's The Jolson Story with Larry Parks and Evelyn Keyes, was started in black-and-white, but when Cohn saw how well the project was proceeding, he scrapped the footage and insisted on filming in Technicolor.

In 1948, the United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. anti-trust decision forced Hollywood move motion-picture show companies to divest themselves of the theatre chains that they owned. Since Columbia did not own whatever theaters, it was now on equal terms with the largest studios, and before long replaced RKO on the listing of the "Big Five" studios.

Screen Gems [edit]

Screen Gems' logo of the 1960s

In 1946, Columbia dropped the Screen Gems brand from its drawing line, but retained the Screen Gems proper noun for diverse ancillary activities, including a xvi mm film-rental bureau and a TV-commercial production visitor. On November eight, 1948, Columbia adopted the Screen Gems name for its idiot box product subsidiary when the studio caused Pioneer Telefilms, a goggle box commercial visitor founded past Jack Cohn's son, Ralph.[15] Pioneer had been founded in 1947, and was later on reorganized every bit Screen Gems.[15] The studio opened its doors for business organisation in New York on April 15, 1949.[15] By 1951, Screen Gems became a full-fledged television studio and became a major producer of situation comedies for Tv set, beginning with Begetter Knows Best and followed past The Donna Reed Show, The Partridge Family, Bewitched, I Dream of Jeannie, and The Monkees.

On July i, 1956, studio veteran Irving Briskin stepped downwardly as managing director of Columbia Pictures and formed his ain product company Briskin Productions, Inc. to release series through Screen Gems and supervise all of its productions.[sixteen] On December 10, Screen Gems expanded into television syndication by acquiring Hygo Tv set Films (a.k.a. "Serials Inc.") and its affiliated company United Television Films, Inc. Hygo Television Films was founded in 1951 by Jerome Hyams, who too acquired United Goggle box Films in 1955 that was founded by Archie Mayers.[17]

In 1957, two years before its parent company Columbia dropped UPA, Screen Gems entered a distribution deal with Hanna-Barbera Productions, which produced classic TV cartoon shows such as The Flintstones, Ruff and Reddy, The Huckleberry Hound Prove, Yogi Bear, Jonny Quest, The Jetsons and others. Screen Gems would distribute until 1967, when Hanna-Barbera was sold to Taft Broadcasting. In 1960, the cartoon studio became a publicly traded company under the name Screen Gems, Inc., when Columbia spun off an 18% pale.

1950s [edit]

By 1950, Columbia had discontinued most of its popular series films (Boston Blackie, Blondie, The Solitary Wolf, The Criminal offense Doctor, Rusty, etc.) Only Jungle Jim, launched past producer Sam Katzman in 1949, kept going through 1955. Katzman contributed greatly to Columbia'due south success by producing dozens of topical feature films, including crime dramas, science-fiction stories, and rock-'n'-coil musicals. Columbia kept making serials until 1956 and two-reel comedies until 1957, subsequently other studios had abandoned them.

As the larger studios declined in the 1950s, Columbia'due south position improved. This was largely because it did not suffer from the massive loss of income that the other major studios suffered from the loss of their theaters (well over xc pct, in some cases). Columbia continued to produce forty-plus pictures a year, offering productions that often broke ground and kept audiences coming to theaters such as its adaptation of the controversial James Jones novel From Here to Eternity (1953), On the Waterfront (1954), and The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) with William Holden and Alec Guinness, all of which won the Best Picture Oscar, too every bit the free accommodation of George Orwell'southward Dystopian novel Nineteen 80-Four (1956).

Columbia besides released the made-in-England Warwick Films past producers Irving Allen and Albert R. Broccoli likewise as many films by producer Carl Foreman who resided in England. Columbia besides distributed some films made by Hammer.

In Dec 1956, Jack Cohn, co-founder and executive vice-president, died.[eighteen] In 1958, Columbia established its own record label, Colpix Records, initially run past Jonie Taps, who headed Columbia's music section, and afterwards Paul Wexler and Lester Sill. Colpix was agile until 1966 when Columbia entered into a joint agreement with RCA Victor and discontinued Colpix in favor of its new label, Colgems Records.

After Harry Cohn's decease [edit]

Shortly after endmost their short subjects section, Columbia president Harry Cohn died of a heart attack in February 1958. His nephew Ralph Cohn died in 1959, ending almost iv decades of family direction.[xix]

The new management was headed by Abe Schneider, who had joined the company as an function boy out of high schoolhouse and become a director in 1929, rising through the financial side of the business organisation.[xx]

Past the late 1960s, Columbia had an ambiguous identity, offering old-fashioned fare like A Homo for All Seasons and Oliver! along with the more contemporary Piece of cake Rider and The Monkees. Afterward turning down releasing Albert R. Broccoli'southward Eon Productions James Bail films, Columbia hired Broccoli'south old partner Irving Allen to produce the Matt Captain series with Dean Martin. Columbia besides produced a James Bond spoof, Casino Royale (1967), in conjunction with Charles K. Feldman, which held the adaptation rights for that novel.

By 1966, the studio was suffering from box-office failures, and takeover rumors began surfacing. Columbia was surviving solely on the profits made from Screen Gems, whose holdings too included radio and television set stations.[21] On December 23, 1968, Screen Gems merged with Columbia Pictures Corporation and became role of the newly formed Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. for $24.v million.[22] Schneider was chairman of the holding company and Leo Jaffe president. Post-obit the merger, in March 1969, CPI purchased Bell Records for $3.5 million (mainly in CPI stock), retaining Larry Uttal equally label president.

1970s [edit]

Nearly broke by the early on 1970s, the studio was saved via a radical overhaul: the Gower Street Studios (now called "Sunset Gower Studios") were sold and a new direction squad was brought in. In 1972, Columbia and Warner Bros. formed a partnership chosen The Burbank Studios, in which both companies shared the Warner studio lot in Burbank.

In 1971, Columbia Pictures established canvass music publisher Columbia Pictures Publications, with vice president and general director Frank J. Hackinson, who afterwards became the president.[23]

In 1973, Allen & Co took a financial pale in Columbia Pictures Industries and Alan Hirschfield was appointed CEO,[24] succeeding Leo Jaffe who became chairman. Stanley Schneider, son of Abe Schneider (who became honorary chairman earlier leaving the board in 1975) was replaced as head of the Columbia Pictures studio by David Begelman, who reported to Hirschfield. Some years later Begelman was involved in a check-forging scandal that desperately hurt the studio'due south image.

On May 6, 1974, Columbia retired the Screen Gems name from boob tube, renaming its television division Columbia Pictures Television receiver. The proper noun was suggested past David Gerber, who was and then-president of Columbia'south tv sectionalisation.[25] The same year, Columbia Pictures acquired Rastar Pictures, which included Rastar Productions, Rastar Features, and Rastar Idiot box. Ray Stark then founded Rastar Films, the reincarnation of Rastar Pictures and it was acquired past Columbia Pictures in Feb 1980.[26]

Columbia Pictures also reorganized its music and record divisions. Clive Davis who was hired as a record and music consultant by Columbia Pictures in 1974 and after became temporary president of Bell Records. Davis's real goal was to revitalize Columbia Pictures' music division. With a $10 million investment by CPI, and a reorganization of the various Columbia Pictures legacy labels (Colpix, Colgems, and Bell), Davis introduced Columbia Pictures' new tape division, Arista Records, in Nov 1974 with Davis himself owning xx% of the new venture. Columbia maintained control of the label until 1979, when information technology was sold to Ariola Records. In addition, Columbia sold its music publishing business (Columbia-Screen Gems) to EMI in Baronial 1976 for $15 million.[27] Both would later be reunited with Columbia Pictures nether Sony ownership.

In Dec 1976, Columbia Pictures caused the arcade game company D. Gottlieb & Co. for $50 million.[28]

In 1978, Begelman was suspended for having embezzled money from Columbia. Hirschfield was forced out for his refusal to reinstate him.[29] [30] Begelman later resigned and was replaced past Daniel Melnick in June 1978.[31] Fay Vincent was hired to replace Hirschfield.

Frank Toll became president of production in 1978. In March 1979, he would get president of Columbia Pictures, succeeding Melnick.[31] During Toll's tenure he was responsible for turning out ix of the pinnacle 10 grossing films in Columbia'south history.[32]

In fall 1978, Kirk Kerkorian, a Vegas casino mogul who also controlled Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, acquired a v.five% stake in Columbia Pictures.[33] He then announced on Nov 20, to launch a tender offering to larn some other 20% for the studio.[33] On December fourteen, a standstill agreement was reached with Columbia by promising non to go across 25% or seeking control for at least three years.[33]

On Jan 15, 1979, the Justice Section filed an antitrust adjust against Kerkorian, to cake him from holding stake in Columbia, while decision-making MGM.[33] On February xix, 1979, Columbia Pictures Idiot box acquired TOY Productions; the production visitor founded by Bud Yorkin and writers Saul Turteltaub and Bernie Orenstein in 1976.[34] In May, Kerkorian caused an additional 214,000 shares in Columbia, raising his stake to 25%.[33] On August 2, the arrange trial opened at the Justice Department, yet, on Baronial 14, the court ruled in favor for Kerkorian.[33] In 1979, Columbia entered into an agreement with Time-Life Video to release 20 titles on videocassette.[35]

1980s: Coca-Cola, Tri-Star, and other acquisitions and ventures [edit]

On September 30, 1980, Kerkorian sued Columbia for ignoring shareholders' involvement and violating an agreement with him.[33] Columbia later accused him on October two, for scheming with Nelson Bunker Chase to gain control of Columbia.

In 1981, Kerkorian sold his 25% pale in Columbia back to CPI.[33] Columbia Pictures later acquired 81% of The Walter Reade Organization, which owned 11 theaters; it purchased the remaining 19% in 1985.

Around this time, the studio put Steven Spielberg's proposed follow upwards to Close Encounters of the 3rd Kind, Night Skies, into turnaround. The project eventually became the highest-grossing film of all-time, E.T. the Actress-Terrestrial. Columbia received a share of the profits for its interest in the development.[36]

On May 17, 1982, Columbia Pictures acquired Spelling-Goldberg Productions for over $xl million.[37] [38] With a healthier rest-sheet (due in large part to box office hits like Stir Crazy, The Blue Lagoon, and Stripes) Columbia was bought by Coca-Cola on June 22, 1982, for $750 million,[39] Studio caput Frank Price mixed big hits like Tootsie, The Karate Kid, The Big Chill, and Ghostbusters with many costly flops. To share the increasing cost of moving-picture show production, Coke brought in ii outside investors whose earlier efforts in Hollywood had come to zero. In 1982, Columbia, Fourth dimension Inc.'s HBO and CBS announced, as a joint venture, "Nova Pictures"; this enterprise was to exist renamed Tri-Star Pictures.[40] In 1983, Price left Columbia Pictures after a dispute with Coca-Cola and went back to Universal.[41] He was replaced by Guy McElwaine.[42]

In the early 1980s, Columbia and Tri-Star Pictures set upward a picture show partnership with Delphi Film Associates and caused an interest on diverse film releases. In 1984, Delphi Flick Associates Iii caused an interest in the Tri-Star and Columbia pic slate of 1984, which will have $threescore meg offering in the financing of film production.[43] Also that year, Columbia Pictures had bought out the rights to Hardbodies, which was one time premiered on The Playboy Channel.[44]

Columbia Pictures expanded its music publishing operations in the 1980s, acquiring Big 3 Publishing (the former sheet music operations of Robbins, Feist, and Miller) from MGM/UA Communications Co. in 1983, Belwin-Mills Publishing from Simon & Schuster in 1985, and Al Gallico Music in 1987.[45] [46] [47]

On June 18, 1985, Columbia acquired Norman Lear and Jerry Perenchio'south Embassy Communications, Inc. (included Embassy Pictures, Diplomatic mission Television, Tandem Productions, and Diplomatic mission Home Amusement), mostly for its library of boob tube series such equally All in the Family and The Jeffersons for $485 million.[48] On Nov 16, 1985, CBS dropped out of the Tri-Star venture.[49]

Many changes occurred in 1986. Expanding its television franchise, on May 5, Columbia as well bought Merv Griffin Enterprises, notable for: Wheel of Fortune, Jeopardy!, Trip the light fantastic toe Fever, and The Merv Griffin Evidence for $250 million.[50] [51] Months afterward on August 28, the Columbia Pictures Tv Group caused Danny Arnold'southward Danny Arnold Productions, Inc. including the rights to the sitcom Barney Miller (Iv D Productions) among other produced series such as Fish (The Mimus Corporation), A.Eastward.Southward. Hudson Street (Triseme Corporation), and Joe Bash (Tetagram Ltd.), after Arnold dropped the federal and land lawsuits against the boob tube studio accusing them for antitrust violations, fraud, and breach of fiduciary duty.[52] [53] [54] Coca-Cola sold the Diplomatic mission Pictures sectionalization to Dino de Laurentiis, who later folded Embassy Pictures into Dino de Laurentiis Productions, Inc. and became De Laurentiis Entertainment Group. Coca-Cola also sold Embassy Home Entertainment to Nelson Entertainment. Coca-Cola notwithstanding, retained the Embassy Pictures proper noun, logo, and trademark. HBO was the last partner driblet out of the Tri-Star venture and sold its shares to Columbia [55] Tri-Star later expanded into the television business with its new Tri-Star Television partitioning. The same twelvemonth, Columbia recruited British producer David Puttnam to head the studio. Puttnam attempted to defy Hollywood filmmaking by making smaller films instead of big tentpole pictures. His criticism of American film production, in addition to the fact that the films he greenlit were mostly flops, left Coke and Hollywood discerned[ description needed ] that Puttnam was ousted from the position afterward only ane year.[56] Puttnam then discontinued multi-picture pacts with diverse filmmakers, including Norman Jewison, who was permitted to expire before all of the promised product could be delivered.[57] Under Puttnam's control, he set up a $270 meg bundle of in-firm pictures and acquisitions, and the boilerplate lineup of 25 features is expected to exist $10.78 meg, well-nigh $4 million less of the cost at Columbia before Puttnam came on board, and a number of depression-cost acquisitions such as Fasten Lee's $5 million motion-picture show School Daze, and Bernstein set upwards Columbia distribution and production parameters at xv-eighteen features a year in these two and the next ii years would take an guess of 15 pictures each, which include The Large Like shooting fish in a barrel, on turnaround slate from distributor New Century/Vista Film Corporation, and a number of other features.[58]

On Oct 22, 1986, Greg Coote was appointed by Columbia Pictures as cardinal executive of the studio, in order to complement David Puttman's pledge on Columbia Pictures to fix its sights over its international market.[59] On December 17, 1986, the company acquired a 30% share in Roadshow, Coote & Carroll, a company Greg Coote is heading, and decided that they would pick upward films and miniseries in order to put an try to add it upwardly to Columbia's shares, and listed dozens of theatrical and television films and dozens of miniseries throughout the improver of the Columbia slate.[60]

On June 26, 1987, Coca-Cola sold The Walter Reade Organization to Cineplex Odeon Corporation.[61] On Oct xiv, 1987, Coca-Cola's entertainment division invested in $30 one thousand thousand in Castle Rock Entertainment with five Hollywood executives. Coke's entertainment business sectionalisation endemic twoscore% in Castle Rock, while the execs owned sixty%.[62]

Columbia Pictures Entertainment era (1987–1989) [edit]

The volatile film business organization fabricated Coke shareholders nervous, and post-obit the critical and box-office failure of Ishtar, Coke spun off its amusement holdings on December 21, 1987, and sold it to Tri-Star Pictures for $three.1 billion and Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. and Tri-Star Pictures, Inc. were renamed as Columbia Pictures Entertainment, Inc. (CPE), with Coke owning 80% of the company.[63] Both studios continued to produce and distribute films nether their split names.[64] Puttnam was succeeded past Dawn Steel. Other minor, "boutique" entities were created: Nelson Entertainment, a joint venture with British and Canadian partners, Triumph Films, jointly owned with French studio Gaumont, and which is now a low-budget label, and Castle Stone Amusement.

On January two, 1988, Columbia/Diplomatic mission Tv set and Tri-Star Television were formed into the new Columbia Pictures Television and Diplomatic mission Communications was renamed every bit ELP Communications. In early 1988, CPE fix up a new subsidiary, Triumph Releasing Corporation, which handled administrative services related to distribution of Columbia and Tri-Star's films for the Northward American market, while Triumph was responsible for the sales, marketing and distribution of Columbia and Tri-Star films under the management of each individual studio internationally, with Patrick Due north. Williamson serving as head of Triumph.[65]

On Jan 16, 1988, CPE's stock fell slightly in the marketplace on its showtime day trading in the New York Stock Exchange. Coke spun off 34.1 meg of its Columbia shares to its shareholders by reducing its pale in CPE from 80% to 49%.[66] On April xiii, 1988, CPE spun off Tri-Star Pictures, Inc. equally a reformed company of the Tri-Star studio.[67] In April 1988, CPE sold its music publishing operations to the British company Filmtrax.[68] (Filmtrax was caused by Thorn EMI in 1990.[69]) In June 1988, CPE announced the sale of Columbia Pictures Publications (consisting of the impress music operations) to the investment firm Boston Ventures and was renamed CPP/Belwin.[70] CPP/Belwin was acquired by Warner Chappell Music of Warner Bros. in 1994.[71]

On February 2, 1989, Columbia Pictures Television receiver formed a joint-venture with Norman Lear's Human activity 3 Communications called Act III Idiot box (now Act Iii Productions) to produce boob tube series instead of managing.[72] [73]

Sony era (1989–present) [edit]

The Columbia Pictures empire was sold on September 28, 1989, to the electronics behemothic Sony for the amount of $iii.4 billion, one of several Japanese firms and then ownership American backdrop. The sale netted Coca-Cola a profit from its investment in the studio.[74] [75] Sony so hired 2 producers, Peter Guber and Jon Peters, to serve every bit co-heads of production when Sony also acquired the Guber-Peters Entertainment Company (the onetime game bear witness production company, Barris Industries, Inc.) for $200 1000000 on September 29, 1989.[76] Guber and Peters had just signed a long-term contract with Warner Bros. in 1989, having been with the company since 1983. To extricate them from this contract, Steve Ross, who at the time the CEO of Warner Bros.'s then-corporate parent Warner Communications, sued Sony for $1 billion.[77] Sony completed CPE'southward acquisition on November 8 and the Guber-Peters conquering was completed on the post-obit twenty-four hour period.

On Dec i, 1989, Guber and Peters hired a longtime lawyer of GPEC, Alan J. Levine, to the post of president and COO of Columbia's newly formed visitor Filmed Amusement Group (FEG).[78] FEG consisted of Columbia Pictures, Tri-Star Pictures, Triumph Releasing, Columbia Pictures Goggle box, Columbia Pictures Television receiver Distribution, Merv Griffin Enterprises, RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video (internationally known as RCA/Columbia Pictures International Video), Guber-Peters Entertainment Company, and ancillary and distribution companies.

1990s [edit]

Columbia Pictures painting on the outer wall of Sony Pictures Studios after the 1993 modify.

In 1990, Sony concluded up paying hundreds of millions of dollars, gave up a one-half-involvement in its Columbia House Records Social club post-order business, and bought from Time Warner the former Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio lot in Culver City, which Warner Communications had caused in its takeover of Lorimar-Telepictures in 1989, thus ending the Burbank Studios partnership. Initially renamed Columbia Studios, Sony spent $100 million to refurbish the rechristened Sony Pictures Studios lot. Guber and Peters prepare out to bear witness they were worth this fortune, but though there were to be some successes, in that location were as well many costly flops. The same yr, Frank Price was made as the chairman of Columbia Pictures. His company Price Entertainment, Inc. that he founded in 1987, was merged with Columbia in March 1991. Cost left Columbia on Oct 4, 1991, and was replaced by Warner Bros. executive Marker County and reactivated Cost Entertainment as Price Entertainment Company with a not-exclusive deal with SPE.[79] Peters was fired by his partner Guber in 1991, but Guber subsequently resigned in 1994 to form Mandalay Entertainment the following year.[fourscore] The unabridged operation was reorganized and renamed Sony Pictures Entertainment (SPE) on Baronial 7, 1991,[81] and at the same time, TriStar (which had officially lost its hyphen) relaunched its television segmentation in October. In December 1991, SPE created Sony Pictures Classics for arthouse fare and was headed by Michael Barker, Tom Bernard, and Marcie Blossom,[82] whom previously operated United Artists Classics and Orion Classics. Publicly humiliated, Sony suffered an enormous loss on its investment in Columbia, taking a $two.7-billion write-off in 1994. John Calley took over equally SPE president in November 1996, installing Amy Pascal every bit Columbia Pictures president and Chris Lee as president of the product at TriStar. By the next leap, the studios were clearly rebounding, setting a record step at the box office.[83] On December 7, 1992, Sony Pictures acquired the Barry & Enright game show library.[84]

On February 21, 1994, Columbia Pictures Television and TriStar Television merged to course Columbia TriStar Boob tube (CTT),[85] [86] [87] including the rights to Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy! after CTT folded Merv Griffin Enterprises in June.[88] [89] That same year, the company also purchased Stewart Tv known for producing game shows like Pyramid and Chain Reaction among others. On July 21, 1995, Sony Pictures teamed upward with Jim Henson Productions and created the articulation venture Jim Henson Pictures.[90] [91]

In the 1990s, Columbia appear plans of a rival James Bond franchise, since they owned the rights of Casino Royale and were planning to make a third version of Thunderball with Kevin McClory. MGM and Danjaq, LLC, owners of the franchise, sued Sony Pictures in 1997, with the legal dispute ending ii years later in an out-of-court settlement. Sony traded the Casino Royale rights for $10 million, and the Spider-Man filming rights.[92] The superhero became Columbia's almost successful franchise:[93] the first flick came out in 2002, and, as of 2021, there have been vii followup movies with Usa grosses in excess of $2.5 billion.[94] Between the releases of the beginning and second sequels in 2004 and 2007, Sony led a consortium that purchased MGM – giving information technology distribution rights to the James Bond franchise.

In 1997, Columbia Pictures ranked as the highest-grossing movie studio in the Usa with a gross of $1.256 billion. In 1998, Columbia and TriStar merged to form the Columbia TriStar Move Picture Group (a.g.a. Columbia TriStar Pictures), though both studios still produce and distribute nether their own names. Pascal retained her position equally president of the newly united Columbia Pictures, while Lee became the combined studio'due south head of production.[95] On December 8, 1998, Sony Pictures Entertainment relaunched the Screen Gems brand every bit a horror and independent moving-picture show distribution visitor after shutting downward Triumph Films.[96] In 1999, TriStar Television receiver was folded into CTT. Two years later on, CPT was folded into CTT equally well.

2000s [edit]

In the 2000s, Sony broadened its release schedule by backing Revolution Studios, the product/distribution company headed by Joe Roth. On October 25, 2001, CTT and CTTD merged to class Columbia TriStar Domestic Tv.[97] On September 16, 2002, Columbia TriStar Domestic Television was renamed Sony Pictures Television.[98] Also in 2002, Columbia bankrupt the record for biggest domestic theatrical gross, with a tally of $i.575 billion, coincidentally breaking its own record of $1.256 billion set in 1997, which was raised past such blockbusters every bit Spider-Man, Men in Black II and Xxx.[99] The studio was also the most lucrative of 2004,[99] with over $ane.338 billion in the domestic box office with movies such equally Spider-Man 2, fifty First Dates, and The Grudge,[100] and in 2006, Columbia, helped with such blockbusters as: The Da Vinci Code, The Pursuit of Happiness, Casino Royale, and Open up Season, not only finished the yr in first place, but it reached an all-fourth dimension record high sum of $1.711 billion, which was an all-time yearly tape for whatever studio until Warner Bros. surpassed it in 2009.[101]

2010s [edit]

On October 29, 2010, Matt Tolmach, the co-president of Columbia Pictures, stepped down in club to produce The Amazing Spider-Human being and its sequel. Doug Belgrad, the other co-president of Columbia was promoted as sole president of the studio. Belgrad and Tolmach had been co-presidents of the studio since 2008 and had been working together every bit a team in 2003.[102] [103] The same day, Hanna Minghella was named president of product of Columbia.[102] [103]

On November 18, 2012, Sony Pictures announced information technology has passed $4 billion worldwide with the success of Columbia's releases: Skyfall, The Astonishing Spider-Man, 21 Jump Street, Men in Black 3, and Hotel Transylvania and Screen Gems' releases: Underworld: Awakening, The Vow, and Resident Evil: Retribution.[104]

On July 16, 2014, Doug Belgrad was named a president of the Sony Pictures Entertainment Motion Picture Group.[105] He exited the mail in June 2016. On June ii, Sanford Panitch, who had been the head of international local language production at the studio, was named president of Columbia Pictures.[106]

[edit]

The Columbia Pictures logo, featuring a woman carrying a torch and wearing a drape (representing Columbia, a personification of the U.s.a.), has gone through 5 major changes.[107] [108] [109] It has often been compared to the Statue of Freedom, which was an inspiration to the Columbia Pictures logo.[109]

Originally in 1924, Columbia Pictures used a logo featuring a female Roman soldier holding a shield in her left mitt and a stick of wheat in her right hand, which appears to be based on the Standing Freedom quarter used from 1916 to 1930.[110] The logo changed in 1928 with a new woman (Columbia, the female representative of America) wearing a draped flag and torch. The woman wore the stola and carried the palla of ancient Rome, and to a higher place her were the words "A Columbia Production" ("A Columbia Picture" or "Columbia Pictures Corporation") written in an curvation. The illustration was based upon the actress Evelyn Venable, known for providing the voice of The Bluish Fairy in Walt Disney's Pinocchio.

In 1936, the logo was changed: the Torch Lady now stood on a pedestal, wore no headdress, and the text "Columbia" appeared in chiseled letters behind her (Pittsburgh native Jane Chester Bartholomew, whom Harry Cohn discovered, portrayed the Torch Lady in the logo). In that location were several variations to the logo over the years—significantly, a color version was done in 1943 for The Desperadoes.[109] Two years earlier, the flag became just a curtain with no markings.[107] [108] The latter change came after a federal law was passed making it illegal to wear an American flag as wearable. 1976's Taxi Commuter was one of the concluding films released before the "Torch Lady" was revamped, although the classic logo would exist after used in several Columbia releases, generally to match the yr a given film is set in.

From 1976 to 1993,[107] Columbia Pictures used ii logos. The starting time, from 1976 to 1981 (or until 1982 for international territories) used merely a sunburst representing the beams from the torch. The score accompanying the kickoff logo was composed by Suzanne Ciani. The studio hired visual effects pioneer Robert Abel to animate the starting time logo.[111] The woman returned in 1981, just in a much smoother form described as resembling a Coke bottle.[107]

The current, and perhaps the all-time known, iteration of the logo was created in 1992 (aforementioned time as the television division's debut), and started its use in films the year after, when Scott Mednick and The Mednick Group was hired by Peter Guber to create logos for all the entertainment properties then owned by Sony Pictures.[112] Mednick hired New Orleans artist Michael Deas,[113] to digitally repaint the logo and render the woman to her "classic" wait.[114] Michael Deas hired Jennifer Joseph, a graphics artist for The Times-Trivial, as a model for the logo.[115] Due to time constraints, she agreed to help out on her lunch break. Deas also hired The Times-Picayune photographer Kathy Anderson to photograph the reference photography.[116] The animation was created by Synthespian Studios in 1993 by Jeff Kleiser and Diana Walczak, who used 2d elements from the painting and converted information technology to 3D.[117] The studio existence part of Sony would not be referenced on-screen until 1996. In 2012, Jennifer Joseph gave an interview to WWL-TV: "So we but scooted over there come lunchtime and they wrapped a sheet effectually me and I held a regular picayune desk lamp, a side lamp," she said, "and I just held that up and we did that with a light bulb." Deas went on to say, "I never thought it would make it to the silver screen and I never thought information technology would still be up 20 years later, and I certainly never idea information technology would be in a museum, and then it'south kind of gratifying."[118]

Filmography [edit]

Come across also [edit]

  • Cohn-Brandt-Cohn (CBC) Moving-picture show Sales Corporation
  • Columbia Pictures Television
  • Columbia TriStar Goggle box
  • List of film serials by studio § Columbia Pictures
  • Sony Pictures
  • Sony Pictures Television
  • Major film studios

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Bibliography [edit]

  • Chierichetti, David (1976). Hollywood Costume Design . New York: Harmony Books. ISBN9780517526378.
  • Dick, Bernard F. (1992). Columbia Pictures: Portrait of a Studio. Lexington, Ky.: Academy Press of Kentucky. ISBN9780813117690.
  • Jorgensen, Jay; Scoggins, Donald Fifty. (2015). Creating the Illusion: A Stylish History of Hollywood Costume Designers. Philadelphia: Running Press. ISBN9780762456611.
  • Perry, Jeb H. (1991). Screen Gems: A History of Columbia Pictures Television from Cohn to Coke, 1948-1983. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press. ISBN9780810824874.
  • Smyth, Jennifer E. (2018). Nobody's Girl Friday: The Women Who Ran Hollywood. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN9780190840822.

Farther reading [edit]

  • Yule, Andrew (1989). Fast Fade: David Puttnam, Columbia Pictures, and the Battle for Hollywood . New York: Delacorte Press. ISBN0-440-50177-6. OCLC 243349960.

External links [edit]

  • Official Sony Pictures website
  • SonyPictures.cyberspace (list of worldwide sites)
  • Columbia Pictures Cartoons from the Big Cartoon DataBase
  • Columbia Pictures at Reel Classics: The History of a Logo – the Lady with the Torch
  • Columbia Pictures Still Photographer Contract 1945 at The Ned Scott Archive
  • Finding assist author: Morgan Crockett (2014). "Columbia Pictures pressbook". Prepared for the L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Provo, UT.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Pictures

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